• Spread to 214 countries • 18,306 deaths • High rates in infants and children • Leads to other complications • Early diagnosis of disease and strain can help to prevent transmission
Clinical presentation Generally if you are fit an healthy there is no need to be formally diagnosed with flu and your immune system will fight the infection Signs and symptoms Influenza Cold Symptom onset Abrupt Gradual Fever Usual; lasts 3-4 days Rare Aches Usual; often severe Slight Chills Fairly common Uncommon Fatigue, weakness Usual Sometimes Sneezing Sometimes Common Stuffy nose Sometimes Common Sore throat Sometimes Common
Chest discomfort, cough Common; can be severe Mild to moderate; hacking cough Headache Common Rare
Viral Haemagglutination assay • HA on flu virus causes RBC to form a lattice – called haemagglutination
• Dilutions of virus mixed with the same quantity of RBC added to a microtitre plate
• Look for when RBC start to show haemaggluntination – viral titre
Haemagglutination inhibition assay
• Carry out haemagglutination assay and determine the HA viral titre
• Add virus to microtitre plate • Add serial dilutions of serum samples to be tested
• Add RBC and incubate • What happens?
The microtitre plate
Virus
Serum
RBC
Red blood cells and flu virus together cause haemagglutination Serum from patients with flu will have antibody against the virusWhen you add red blood cells they are inhibited from binding to the virus
• Any serum samples containing antibodies to influenza will bind to the virus and prevent it sticking to the RBC. Haemagglutination is therefore inhibited.
• Antibodies develop very quickly after flu infection
• Symptoms and presence of antibodies confirm disease
• Antibodies found after disease will confer some protection
Summary
• Influenza caused by influenza virus A, B or C • Influenza A most pathogenic – Antigenic variation – High mutation rate
• HA and NA important for infection and spread of virus
• Highly contagious • Most people can clear the virus • Several tests to diagnose the disease
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