What are the requirements for a substantive security plan? Why is a robust plan important? How will you address potential ter

Human Kinetics

Gil Fried University of New Haven

ManaGinG sport

Facilities

second edition

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fried, Gil, 1965- Managing sport facilities / Gil Fried. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-8290-7 (hard cover) ISBN-10: 0-7360-8290-5 (hard cover) 1. Sports facilities–Management–Textbooks. I. Title.

GV401.F75 2010 725.8043–dc22 2009034955

ISBN-10: 0-7360-8290-5 (print) ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-8290-7 (print)

Copyright © 2010, 2005 by Gil Fried

All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photocopying, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of the publisher.

The Web addresses cited in this text were current as of August 2009, unless otherwise noted.

Acquisitions Editor: Myles Schrag Developmental Editors: Kathleen Bernard and Amanda S. Ewing Assistant Editor: Casey A. Gentis Copyeditor: Patricia L. MacDonald Indexer: Susan Danzi Hernandez Permission Manager: Dalene Reeder Graphic Designer: Bob Reuther Graphic Artist: Patrick Sandberg Cover Designer: Keith Blomberg Photographer (cover): Rod Mar/MLS/Getty Images Photo Asset Manager: Laura Fitch Photo Production Manager: Jason Allen Art Manager: Kelly Hendren Associate Art Manager: Alan L. Wilborn Illustrator: Keri Evans Printer: Thomson-Shore, Inc

Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The paper in this book is certified under a sustainable forestry program.

Human Kinetics Web site: www.HumanKinetics.com

United States: Human Kinetics P.O. Box 5076 Champaign, IL 61825-5076 800-747-4457 e-mail: [email protected]

Canada: Human Kinetics 475 Devonshire Road Unit 100 Windsor, ON N8Y 2L5 800-465-7301 (in Canada only) e-mail: [email protected]

Europe: Human Kinetics 107 Bradford Road Stanningley Leeds LS28 6AT, United Kingdom +44 (0) 113 255 5665 e-mail: [email protected]

Australia: Human Kinetics 57A Price Avenue Lower Mitcham, South Australia 5062 08 8372 0999 e-mail: [email protected]

New Zealand: Human Kinetics P.O. Box 80 Torrens Park, South Australia 5062 0800 222 062 e-mail: [email protected]

E4804

To all the men and women who keep our public assembly facilities running

■  v

contents

Preface  vii  ■  Acknowledgments  xi

Part I Introduction to Sport Facility Management . . . . . . . . . . 1

1  History and Future of Sport and Public Assembly Facilities 3 Facilities in Ancient Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Facilities From the Middle Ages to the 1800s . . . . . . . . . . 9 Facility Management From Ancient to Modern Times . . . 10 Evolution of Professional and Collegiate Facilities . . . . . 11 Facility Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 The Future of Sport Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Trends That Will Affect Future Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2  Facility Management 25 What Is Facility Management? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The Facility Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Managerial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3  Management Theory and Human Resources 43 Management Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Computer-Aided Facility Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Simple Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Outsourcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Sport Facility Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Employment Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Hiring Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Employee Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Legal Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Part II Facility Development . . . . . . . . . 75

4  Facility Planning 77 Fundamentals of Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Planning for Existing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Planning for Future Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

5  Facility Site and Design 99 Site Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Site Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Site Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Facility Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

6  Facility Construction 123 Construction Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Preconstruction Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Construction Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Project Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Completion and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Part III Facility Systems and Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

7  Facility Systems 151 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Plumbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Interior Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Exterior Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Combined Interior and Exterior Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

vi  ■  Contents

8  Facility Operations 175 Space Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Specialized Components in Sport Facilities . . . . . . . . . 178 Establishing Grass Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Maintaining Grass Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Additional Outdoor Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

9  Facility Maintenance 197 Maintenance and Repair Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Maintenance Audits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Maintenance Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Facility Repair Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Basic Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Part IV Facility administration . . . . . . . 213

10  Marketing and Sales 215 Marketing Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 The Marketing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Facility Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

11  Finance and Budgeting 239 Financial Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Revenue and Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Financial Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Budgeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 New Facility Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Selling a Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

12  Legal Responsibilities 261 Basic Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Tort Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Risk Management and Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Property Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Constitutional Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Government Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Part V Event and activity Management 279

13  Implementing a Security Plan 281 What Is Security? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Crowd Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Other Safety Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Crisis Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

14  Facility Preparation and Event Management 301 Revisiting Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Attracting Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Event Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Postevent Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Postevent Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Marketing for the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Marketing Efforts and Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Facility Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Glossary  333  ■  References  339  ■  Index  347  ■  About the Author  355

■  vii

preface

Almost all of us have fond memories of a sport-related experience. The experience might entail our first game as a spectator, our first request for a ballplayer’s autograph, or even eating our first hot dog. We may look back at having won- derful seats to watch a game, catching a foul ball in the stands, or attending a game with a special promotional giveaway. Whatever the experience, more than likely a sport facility was involved.

When people think about large sport facili- ties, they often focus on how to navigate through crowds and traffic in the shortest possible amount of time. Others might think about the sights, sounds, and smells that made an event memo- rable. Still others might have negative thoughts based on a professional team’s threats to move if not given a new facility. For smaller facilities such as health clubs, people might think about convenience and the breadth of services available.

For those managing sport facilities, the facil- ity experience is vastly different. Indeed, very few people realize what an enormous undertak- ing it is to develop and operate these facilities. For example, how much toilet paper needs to be ordered for 1,000 bathroom stalls? How many hot dogs need to be ordered if 70,000 fans will be attending a game? What happens when the facil- ity’s water pressure is interrupted? What if a major generator breaks during a sporting event? What if a storm or an environmental disaster damages (or destroys) the playing field? How do you promote a rock concert one day and a monster truck pull the next? How do you change over a facility from an ice hockey surface to a basketball surface in just three hours without ruining the ice? How do you handle disorderly or rowdy fans and customers? How do you hire and manage a part-time staff of possibly 600 ushers, concessionaires, ticket takers, and security personnel? What happens when a facility runs into financial hardships? These are just some of the questions that a facility manager has to face on a daily basis. This book was written to help highlight the broad array of responsibili- ties faced by facility managers.

the Purpose of this Book The question this book addresses is how to effec- tively manage a sport facility. Although the book focuses on sport facilities, much of the subject matter is also applicable to any number of public assembly facilities, including music theaters, auditoriums, convention centers, and high school and college arenas and stadiums. Public facilities can also include bowling alleys, health clubs, sportsplexes, park and recreation facilities, and numerous other natural and man-made environ- ments.

Written for students in sport and facility man- agement, as well as professionals already working in the field, the text provides a comprehensive knowledge base. An introductory-level discussion is provided for those who have never before stud- ied sport facility management (FM). Thus, after reading this book, beginning students will have a solid grasp of the fundamental skills in FM and will have the knowledge base to apply those skills in the real world. In-depth explanation, real-world examples, and detailed assessment of various FM issues are also provided to expand understand- ing and spur knowledge application for industry professionals. Some of the FM concerns discussed in this text are preventive maintenance, facil- ity planning, event administration, box office management, house and grounds management, systems management, marketing, finance, and personnel administration.

It should be noted that every facility and its management structure is different. Some facili- ties rely on an owner to make all decisions, from designing the building and obtaining funds to removing the trash every day. Other facilities, pri- marily larger ones, have multiple people serving in different capacities and may have a financial consultant developing the funding strategy, a construction manager working during construc- tion, a facility manager handling bookings, and an outside contracting company providing security and concession services.

viii  ■  Preface

The comprehensive overview this book offers is currently not available from other texts. Most FM books focus on safety, marketing, construction, or event management. They fail to combine these important disciplines into one comprehensive text and rarely cover important topics such as the his- tory of sport facilities, the types of systems within a building, and the ways in which buildings are actually built and managed. This text covers FM for a sport facility in a comprehensive manner that includes both educational references and professional industry insight.

The need for a comprehensive sport FM text has been highlighted over the past several years with the push to build large high-technology sport facilities that are more complex to operate and manage than in the past. Similarly, fitness, recre- ation, and sport facilities have fueled significant career opportunities that present unique issues such as how to develop a facility business plan including feasibility studies; what finance vehicle is most effective for raising necessary capital; how to control costs through preventive maintenance; how to schedule and book event dates; and how to market luxury and premium seating to maximize revenue. Through reading and understanding this text, a current or future sport facility manager will be in a better position to respond effectively to new challenges.

How this text Is Organized After presenting an overview of sport facilities through the ages, the text focuses on what is involved in FM and on the manager’s primary responsibility: getting employees at the facility to accomplish their jobs. The text walks the reader through the basics, from developing a facility through running a facility. It then turns to issues involved in running programs and personnel. Lastly, the text examines what is required to pro- duce a high-quality event at a sport facility. The book is organized into five parts.

Part I of the book is an introduction to the sport facility industry. A brief historical perspective helps highlight how sport facilities have evolved over the years. Chapter 2 addresses the role of facility managers and the various concerns they face. Since facility managers must accomplish goals primarily through employees, chapter 3 deals with the art of effective managerial com- munication and leadership. Chapter 3 also covers

how managers utilize and manage employees as well as other human resources issues.

Part II analyzes the complex process of decid- ing to build and finance a facility. Various topics such as the validity of feasibility studies, how to select a site, and how to handle environmental impact issues are discussed. This part of the text continues with an in-depth analysis of the initial facility business planning process, a discussion of how to obtain financial and political support, and an examination of the various types of facilities and fields that can be built. This part highlights the facility building process, including analysis of how to develop a site plan to maximize the available resources. Part II ends with a thorough analysis of the construction process to build a facility.

After a facility is built, it has to be operated. Part III covers the operations side of facilities (both internal and external) and such topics as mainte- nance and housekeeping. Systems management is covered, with emphasis on major systems such as facility infrastructure, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), energy management, waste management, and all exterior systems.

Part IV analyzes the FM process by looking at some of the critical administrative areas that a facility manager supervises. This part covers some of the nuts and bolts associated with FM, such as marketing, finance, legal issues, risk management, and the entire administrative process.

Part V examines the actual running of a sport facility during large events. The primary concern for any facility is safety and this section starts with analyzing the risk management issues associated with managing crowds and disasters. The section ends with a step-by-step process of how to first attract events and then put on those events.

How to Use this text Besides the educational material contained within the discussions of the various topics, the text is organized to clearly convey concepts through several strategies. Each chapter lists specific objectives and includes a chapter overview as well as a chapter summary and several discus- sion questions and activities. Among the most important elements in each chapter are sections titled “Facility Focus” and “Behind the Scenes.” The facility focus sections provide information about particular facilities, including important

Preface  ■  ix

facts and strategies used by the facility to succeed. The behind-the-scenes material presents unique concerns and strategies that can make a facility manager more successful. All these elements combine to help weave the material into a full and coherent picture of the subject.

Updates to this Edition I was very touched by the support I received after writing the first edition of this text. Possibly the best response was from facility managers them- selves who highlighted that the text was the first book they had read that was able to capture the essence of what it meant to be a facility manager. When I was asked how I could improve on a text used at more than 100 universities, I had to think outside the proverbial box. When I teach sport facility management, I normally teach half the class from the textbook and the remainder of class time is spent working on projects, listening to guest speakers, and visiting facilities. Since it is impossible to visit a facility in a textbook, I tried to incorporate the next best thing— expanding the facility focus sections and adding a new section with industry experts introducing each chapter.

Each chapter contains at least one facility focus, which has been expanded to give the reader not

just statistics but also a sense of what issues the facility faces. Several major new facilities were built since the last edition. Thus, I have incorpo- rated some of them into the text, such as the new Yankee Stadium and Cowboys Stadium. Each chapter has an introduction written by an indus- try executive highlighting what he or she does on a daily basis and how material in that specific chapter fits into his career. Whether a sport archi- tect is discussing how he plans to build a facility or a major facility executive is highlighting how she motivates her employees, these introductions highlight the text’s value for those working in the industry. They also encourage the reader to think about how theory can be applied in the workplace.

One of the key benefits of this second edition is the instructor orientation adopted by both the author and publisher. While some material was made available to past textbook adopters, the new version will be enhanced by PowerPoint slides for each chapter; a 20-minute video highlighting the building of a sport facility; an instructor’s guide that provides innovative teaching options; and a large test bank of true or false, multiple choice, and essay exam questions available to all textbook adopters. These ancillary materials are available at www.HumanKinetics.com/ManagingSportFa- cilities.

Note to Students When I started my academic career at the University of New Haven in 2004, it never occurred to me how much planning, intelligence, and perfecting it took to keep each spectator safe and run a facility. On a facility tour of Shea Stadium in New York, Professor Fried and the stadium staff explained several aspects of the park that would seem trivial to any fan. A strategically placed railing allowed a more efficient crowd flow into the gates, which subsequently allowed all bags and persons to be inspected quickly and thoroughly. The stadium’s rules and regulations were announced over the PA system and reinforced with mounted signs and placards. All of these minutiae were in effect before a single spectator even went through the turnstile.

In the fall of 2005, Gil brought together several different employers for a career fair at UNH. The Arena at Harbor Yard was one of these employers. The arena is a state-of-the-art multisport facility located in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and is home to the Bridgeport Sound Tigers and some college teams. I was fortunate to gain employment at the 8,400-seat facility, which was built in 2001, based on my previous work experiences at my local ice hockey rink.

Being a naive 19-year-old full-time student had its benefits when facing my first real-world job. When I started my job I had a basic understanding and foundation of how to maintain ice, use a Zamboni ice resurfacer, and listen to directions, as well as a giant thirst for new knowledge in facility management. Both my colleagues at Bridgeport and UNH gave me the tools to launch a great experiential education that only working could provide.

C o

u rt

e sy

 o f  R

o b

e rt

 H o

lu b

x  ■  Preface

My first year at Bridgeport was demanding at times, but ultimately it gave me an invaluable sense of what went into a production. I worked nights and weekends at the arena breaking down staging, securing dasher boards, installing glass partitions, removing the graphite flooring off the ice surface, preparing the ice, stowing equipment, and making normal repairs to the building no matter where it needed it. The second year brought even more responsibility as I began to work during the Bridgeport Sound Tiger games for emergency repairs and general operations.

While working at the arena I took “Sport Facility Management,” taught by Professor Fried. As is true in any subject or industry, you can achieve a full understanding of a topic only by first learning the philosophy of the subject; applying it in the real world; and then going back to critique, modify, and reimplement that knowledge. Enter Managing Sport Facilities by Gil Fried, first edition. This was the first textbook I not only read from cover to cover but also showed constantly to other people (my room- mates hated sport facilities by the end of the semester!). The facility focus sparked frequent lunchtime conversations among classmates and friends. The simplicity of breaking down a facility by description, interesting facts, and its importance allows students to grasp the concept much easier than spending a full hour lecturing about it. Referencing these facilities became even easier with this book’s format.

Managing Sport Facilities is one of the greatest walkthrough guides for any course out there. Gil separates this book into a very unique and easy-to-use layout. Starting with a history of facilities and how to manage them allows a person to become acquainted with the material and what running a building really is like. The first part was very near and dear to me as it enabled me to gain a better understanding of what roles my coworkers and I were playing at the Arena at Harbor Yard.

The chapters on planning, designing, building, and maintaining the actual structure became a one-of- a-kind experience for me. I had a trifecta of learning at my fingertips as we spent several weeks discuss- ing these topics. First, I had my actual lived experiences at the arena doing this hands-on; second, Gil’s expertise at teaching and his book served as the philosophy and intellectual fuel; third, our in-class trips to different facilities mixed with the end-of-semester project (building our own facility from scratch) allowed us to literally put on our facility manager’s hats and find problems and solutions.

The rest of the book allowed us to come full circle with our course work and built-from-scratch facility projects to become better facility managers, able to run an effective facility of our own one day. In the end, the course instilled two pillars of knowledge inside me. One consisted of hands-on knowledge created via class trips, media, and lectures; and the other was made up of all of the teachings and knowledge found in Managing Sport Facilities.

I hope you will enjoy and learn from this second edition as much as I enjoyed and learned from the first. I would also like to personally welcome you to Gil Fried’s beautiful world of sport facility manage- ment. This man not only made my college and early work career bearable (with the exception of a few of his projects and exams!) but also filled it with an enormous amount of knowledge that is truly, truly invaluable. From the many hours spent in his office deciphering the best path through the sport industry and life, I can confidently say that Gil takes tremendous pride in his work, his texts, and the molding of each student’s mind and attitudes. Thank you, Gil, and congratulations on all of your successes!

—Rob Holub, BS 2008, MBA 2009, University of New Haven

■  xi

acknowledgments

Who We Are

We are a professional custom writing website. If you have searched a question and bumped into our website just know you are in the right place to get help in your coursework.

Do you handle any type of coursework?

Yes. We have posted over our previous orders to display our experience. Since we have done this question before, we can also do it for you. To make sure we do it perfectly, please fill our Order Form. Filling the order form correctly will assist our team in referencing, specifications and future communication.

Is it hard to Place an Order?

1. Click on the “Place order tab at the top menu or “Order Now” icon at the bottom and a new page will appear with an order form to be filled.

2. Fill in your paper’s requirements in the "PAPER INFORMATION" section and click “PRICE CALCULATION” at the bottom to calculate your order price.

3. Fill in your paper’s academic level, deadline and the required number of pages from the drop-down menus.

4. Click “FINAL STEP” to enter your registration details and get an account with us for record keeping and then, click on “PROCEED TO CHECKOUT” at the bottom of the page.

5. From there, the payment sections will show, follow the guided payment process and your order will be available for our writing team to work on it.

Need help with this assignment?

Order it here claim 25% discount

Discount Code: SAVE25